Textbook Homework 5/3/2013

Textbook Page 391 - (3-5, 7-13) & Page 409 - (1-4, 8, 11, 12)

Page 391:

3.     - Electomagnetic radiation is a form of energy made of electric and magnetic fields travelling  in waves created by a disturbance

4.     - a) 1. Radio waves.

               2. Microwaves.

               3. Infrared.

        - b) 1. Radio waves are used for radio and television broadcasting.  

               2. Microwaves are commonly used in a microwave oven appliance to heat food.

               3. Infrared waves are commonly used in remote controls such as a television remote.

5.     - a) 1. Ultraviolet.

               2. X-Ray. 

               3. Gamma.

        - b) 1. Ultraviolet waves are used to disinfect drinking water.

               2. X-Ray is commonly used for medical imaging under controlled environments.

               3. Gamma rays are used to sterilize medical equipment.

7.     - From highest to lowest frequency:     - Violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.

8.     - a) Red has the longer wavelength.

        - b) Blue has the higher frequency.

9. The audience members will see yellow where the spotlights overlap.

10.   - a) Both radio waves and X-Rays similar in that they're both used in medical imaging and cannot pass through bone.

        - b) X-Rays are harmful to humans while radio waves are not. Radio waves have the capability to reach great distances while X-Rays do not.

11.   - a) Very short wavelength radiation poses more of a danger to human health.

        - b) Very short wavelength radiation poses more of a danger because more energy is being transmitted over a short period of time than very short wavelength radiation where small amounts of energy are being transmitted over a longer period of time.

12.   - a) In green light the balloon will appear red and green.

         - b) In magenta light the balloon will appear red and blue.

13. This is a wise choice because the colour white reflects all colours of the colour spectrum.

Page 409:

1.     - The ray model of light shows the path the light takes after it radiates off its source.

3.     - Two properties of light you can show using a ray diagram is its frequency and name of wave.

4. It will illuminate, transmit light, and may also absorb light.

8.     - A regular reflection is when light rays strike a smooth surface and reflect in the same direction, keeping parallel to the source. Diffuse reflection is when light rays reflect off a rough or uneven surface and reflect in scattered directions.

11.   - You are able to see a basketball because it is illuminated by another light source and is reflected into our eyes.

12. Metal is a much more reflective material than wood therefore it would make a better reflector.

Worksheet Homework - Blood Breakthrough at Mac

1. What kind of cells were used to create blood cells?

     - Skin cells were used.

2. Which patients can benefit from this process?

     - Cancer, anemia, and other patients could benefit from this process.

3. What previous discoveries did this research build upon?

     - The discovery of stem cells in 1963 by two Canadian scientists, Ernest McCulloch and James Till.

4. Describe the process by which blood cells are created.

     - The process by which blood cells are created involves the bathing of skin cells within a solution of proteins to reliably coax the skin cells into converting to blood cells.

Textbook Homework 3/25/2013

Textbook Page 25 - (1-18)


1. What life processes do cells perform?

     - Intake of nutrients

     - Waste removal

     - Growth

     - Reproduction

     - Movement

2. List the 5 organelles that are common to plant and animal cells. What are their functions?

     - Cell membrane: Forms a protective barrier around the cell.
     - Nucleus: Controls all the activities in a cell, including growth and reproduction.

     - Cytoplasm: Fills the cell and surrounds the organelles.
     - Vacuoles and Vesicles: Stores nutrients, wastes, and other substances used by the cell.
     - Mitochondria: Supplies energy.
     - Lysosomes: Where digestion takes place.     
     - Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for delivery throughout the cell or 
outside of the  cell.       
     - Cytoskeleton: Helps maintain the cell's shape.

     - Endoplasmic Reticulum: Makes proteins (rough), fats and oils (smooth). 

3. What are the 3 differences between plant & animal cells?

     1. Plant cells contain a special chemical compound called chlorophyll - a pigment that makes  photosynthesis possible.

     2. Animal cells have centrioles, which are paired structures that are involved in cell division. Unlike plant cells, which do not have centrioles.
     3. Plant cells have a large central vacuole. Vacuoles in animal cells tend to be much smaller.

4. Why can the granum and thylakoid structures be described as “solar collectors”?

     - They operate like solar panels and collect light energy from the sun, which is then used for the process of photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates in the chloroplast.

5. Prepare a table that summarizes the organelles and structures found in plant and animal cells.

Organelles Found in Both                                                                                 Description
     - Cell membrane:                                         Forms a protective barrier around the cell
     - Cytoplasm:                                                  Fills the cell and surrounds the organelles
     - Nucleus:          Controls all the activities in a cell, including growth and reproduction
     - Vacuoles and Vesicles: Store nutrients, wastes, and other substances used by the cell
     - Mitochondria:                                                                                        Supplies energy
     - Lysosomes:                                                                     Where digestion takes place
     - Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for delivery throughout the cell or outside of the cell
     - Endoplasmic Reticulum:                  Makes proteins (rough), fats and oils (smooth)
     - Cytoskeleton:                                                               Helps maintain the cell's shape

Found In Plants

     - Chlorophyll:                                                                                     

     - Cell Wall:                                                              Gives durability & provides strength

Found In Animals

     - Centrioles:

6. Explain how fluorescence microscopy works.

     - Cells may be difficult to observe due to their colour or transparency and thus, fluorescent substances are added to the cells rendering them easier to see.

7. Name two types of electron microscopes that are used by cell biologists.

     - Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

     - Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

8. What is the name of the image created by an electron microscope? 

     - Electron micrograph.

9. Explain why the cell can be considered to be the “building block” of life.

     - Every living organism is made up of cells.

10. Explain the importance of contrast in microscopy.

     - Adjusting contrast allows for visibility of the different parts and layers of the cell.

11.  What two things can you do to create contrast when you use a compound light microscope to study a specimen?

     1. Change the objective lens.

     2. Adjust course adjustment knob and fine adjustment knob.

12. Explain why a cell biologist would choose to use an electron microscope rather than a light microscope. When would a light microscope be preferred?

     - A cell biologist would choose an electron microscopes when they would like to see parts of the cell in much greater detail and resolution which requires much higher magnification. A light microscope would be preferred when the required image is not as detailed or magnified and/or if there aren't sufficient funds for an electron microscope.

13. What details of a microscope would you need to know to determine the total magnification of the system?

     - In order to determine the total magnification of the system you must know the magnification of the objective lens you are using, plus the magnification power of the eyepiece.

14. Explain why you would expect the cells of a desert plant, such as a cactus, to have thickened cell walls?

     - For more protection due to harsh environmental conditions - sand storms.

15.  - I would expect to see more mitochondria from the cells from the athlete opposed to the elderly individual, because the athlete is younger and in overall better health than the elderly individual.

16. Explain how a microscope may be used to assess human health.

     - A microscope may be used to assess human health by examining a sampling of the individual's cells to determine their condition, because after all, cell's make up life.

17. Write a short paragraph that compares and contrasts plant and animal cells.

     - In an animal cell the proteins and sugars are converted into energy, whereas in a plant cell, the process of photosynthesis occurs - harvesting energy from light.

18. How has the development of technology aided our understanding of cells?

     - The evolution of technology has rendered us capable of seeing more- in greater detail- and allowing us to understand and observe the functionality of cells, broadening our general understanding.  

Textbook Homework 3/5/2013

Textbook Page 216 - (1-17)

1. Define "neutralization" in your own words.

   - Neutralization is the act of balancing two opposites to achieve a median.

2. What are the products of a neutralization reaction?

   - A salt & H2O

3. How does an antacid work?

   - An antacid works to increase the pH level of a solution in order to help it reach its norm. For example, lime is used in acidified lakes as an antacid to help increase its pH level to render it less acidic.

4. What is acid precipitation?

   - Acid precipitation is precipitation (rainfall) with abnormally high levels of acidic substance, usually caused by environmental pollutants.

5. Name two gasses that contribute to acid precipitation.

   - CO2 & Methane

6. Explain the term "acid leaching". Use an example in your answer.

   - Acid leaching is an extractive technique that converts metals into soluble salts in liquid solutions. In a reaction, solid ZnO dissolves, forming soluble zinc sulfate.

7. Identify which of the following is a neutralization reaction.

   - (b) is a neutralization reaction since the product contained a salt (Na3PO4) and water (H2O)

8. Complete the following word equations.

   - (a) Hydrochloric acid
     (b) Sodium bromide
     (c) Hydrogen chloride

9. Write skeleton equations for each word equation from #8.

   - (a) H2SO4 + CaOH2 --> HCl + CaS
     (b) HBr + NaOH --> H2O + NaBr
     (c) HCl + NaOH --> H2O + NaCl

10. Write balanced chemical equations for each skeleton equation in #9.

   - (a) 4H2SO4 + 4CaOH2 --> 8HCl + 4CaS
     (b) 2HBr + 2NaOH --> H2O + 2NaBr
     (c) 2HCl + 2NaOH --> 2H2O + 2NaCl

11. I disagree with my classmate's conclusion. A chemical reaction can occur even if the colour stays the same and without any formation of precipitate. The colour does not necessarily have to change, and neither does precipitate have to form. Thus, a chemical reaction can occur with the absence of colour change and precipitate.

12. Why is it not a good idea to consume antacid routinely?

   - Unhealthy for digestive system - Offsets natural order.

13. Suggest why acid rain is a problem in a place such as Ontario.

   - Enables vehicular contraptions and structures to rust.

14. Explain why acid precipitation is a costly result of human activities.

   - Urbanization is a major contributor to acid precipitation. The release of CO2 from cars, housing, and industry contribute to this affect.

15. Describe how acid precipitation affects lakes.

   - Acid precipitation decreases the pH level of lakes rendering them more acidic over time.

16. Explain what role limestone has in protecting lakes.

   - Limestone helps to raise the pH level of acidified lakes and helps them to return to their norm.


  

Textbook Homework 3/4/2013

Textbook Page 197 - (1-5)

1. Is a solution with a pH of 11 acidic or basic?

   - Basic.

2. Is a solution with a pH of 5 acidic or basic?

   - Acidic.

3. What is the pH of pure water?

   - Neutral (7)

4. Could you determine a specific pH value for a solution using blue litmus paper?

   - No. It is impossible to determine specific pH levels by just using blue litmus paper.

5. What is the advantage of using a universal indicator?

   - It uses a wide range of pH values that are of different colours and thus, is more accurate than litmus paper.


Textbook Page 201 - (1-2)

1. Name the following bases.
(a) KOH(s) -- Potassium Hydroxide
(b) Ca(OH)2(s) -- Calcium Hydroxide
(c) Mg(OH)2(s) -- Magnesium Hydroxide
(d) NH4OH(aq) -- Ammonium Hydroxide

2. Which polyatomic group is found at the end of the chemical formula for most bases?

   - "OH".  

Page 171 - (6-8)

6. Name the following ions

(a) Al3+ Aluminum III    
(b) Ca+ Calcium         
(c) Br- Bromine         
(d) S2-  Sulfide
(e) SO4 2-  Sulphate
(f) PO43- Phosphate 

7. Write the chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds

(a) Beryllium oxide BeO
(b) Rubidium bromide   RbBr 
(c) Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2
(d) Ammonium Iodide NH4I
(e) Magnesium Phosphate MgPO4
(f) Iron(III) Oxide Fe2O3
(g) Copper(I) Sulphate Cu2SO4   
(h) Chromium (III) Phosphate CrPO4

8. Write the chemical name of each the following ionic compounds  

(a) ZnCL2 - Zinc (II) Chloride  
(b) CaS - Calcium Sulphide     
(c) K2SO4 - Potassium Sulfate  
(d) NH4NO3 - Ammonium Nitrite  
(e) Sr3(PO4)2 - Strontium (II) Sulphate
(f) AuCL3 - Gold Chloride
(g) Ni2S3 - Nickel (III) Sulphate
(h) PbF4 - Lead (IV) Fluoride   

Page 171 - (1, 2, 3(a), 4)

1. What is an ion?

   - An ion is an atom or group of atoms that contain either a positive or a negative charge.

2. What symbols do we use to indicate that atoms have become ions?

   - We use the symbol that represents the element and show the ion charge of said element as   either positive or negative. Example - beryllium with an ion charge of 1+ would be Be+.

3(a). What is the purpose of a subscript when writing the formula for a binary ionic  compound?
  
   - The purpose of a subscript is to give you the ratio of each ion in the compound.

4. What combinations of two elements combine to form ionic compounds? 

   - The combinations of metals & non-metals form ionic compounds.